Mentoring, Americans with Disabilities Act, Flex-time, Workplace Assignment

Mentoring, Americans with Disabilities Act, Flex-time, Workplace Security, and Performance appraisal - Assignment Example The four phases are (Boreen et.al, 2000): A mentoring relationship is based on numerous factors that relate to the success of the process as preferred by both the mentor and mentee. The basic relationship requirements include (Boreen et.al, 2000): The process of mentoring provides significant influence in career development. In women and minority groups mentoring is regarded as a mandatory requirement. Women and minority are viewed as a weaker part of the human race. For this reason, they are exposed to limited career opportunities and resources. Through mentoring this gap is lessened as they are provided an opportunity to learn basic career requirements from experts. This also improves their succeeding probability. The ADA was created to respond to the plight of the disabled or otherwise challenged persons. The Act was signed in 2009 by President Bush. Main components in the Act focused on making work places comfortable for the disabled or other wise challenged persons. Additionally, public places and entities were also required to be observant of the Act (Schall, 1998). In the act the beneficiaries are described as people with physical disabilities. The act excluded the inclusion of people affected by drug or substance abuse and visually impaired people whose sight can be corrected by the use of an optical lens. The ADA has positively impacted the working environment as companies have become more sensitive in making working places comfortable to the disabled persons. To ensure compliance of the ADA, an employer should put in place systems and mechanisms that address the issues raised by the ADA. For instance, an organization should advice other employees against discriminating against disabled persons (Schall, 1998). Traditional work schedules were heavily demanding on employees as they had to work during many hours and the output displayed could not match the time taken to complete tasks. Working on full time or eight hour day daily on the

European Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

European Union Law - Essay Example There are essential institutions that this organization comprises; these are the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the European council, the council of European Union, the European Parliament and the Court of Justice of the European Union. In this paper, we will be emphasizing on the Court of Justice of the European Union as an institution built up by the organization to settle the predicaments, anomalies and ambiguities in its polices and statutes regarding its rule of law. Also, the power of the judiciary branch and its role in the union will be tackled heavily, we will be looking into its structure and what can it do in the political sphere especially in policy making process. Thus, Article 267 of the consolidated version of the treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) will be stress also, stating its jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning the interpretation of laws and treaties of the organization as well as the validity of the acts done b y the member states and of the institutions, bodies, offices or agencies of the Union. Furthermore, the composition of the European Union and its function on the states regarding its laws and its effect to their political and judicial structure will be highlighted. To what extend has the EU become a federal state? The European Union has a very important role in the political system of its member states. As mentioned above, it is comprised of several commissions, council and other political agencies which supervise the actions of the organization as well as its member countries. When the states agreed to put up the Union, they already bind themselves under the law to govern their actions between each other. Also, the existence of Union’s parliament, European council and European commission strengthen the power of the organization in governance, having a strong power to preside over the actions of its members. Thus, we can compare these proceedings of the EU into a federal form of government making the EU’s decision as the primary ruler, ensuring the validity of the action’s done by the member countries and the supervising them whether they conform to the laws set by the organization (Moe, 1990). We can assume the complete power of the Union over its member countries due to the fact that it can impose penalties and punishment to the member whose performance is against the law implemented by the organization. Article 258 of the TFEU states that â€Å"the Commission may initiate infringement proceedings (enforcement actions) against a Member State for non-compliance with EC law; rounds of negotiation with the government then ensue; if these fail, the Commission may refer the matter to the Court for decision.† Unlike other organizations like the Association of the South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) who cannot impose punishments to its member countries, the EU is a very powerful organization that it can actually control the countries that a re associated to such making a more united country like a federal state. Does the Treaty of Lisbon form a constitution for the state? The treaty of Lisbon is an international agreement, signed by the EU member states, amends the two treaties (TEC and TEU) which comprise the constitutional basis of the European Union. The treaty establishing the European Community (TEC) was renamed to treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) which is comprised of laws, rules and regulation governing its

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius CSR has been subject to much analysis for different types of businesses who were controlled and managed by futurist and modern managers who were here to provide a new dimension in the business era. It is a concept where managers or leaders of certain firms decide to contribute voluntarily for a better social environment. Companies provide us with these because they have they need to contribute back for the land that they use. The other reason is that it is purely voluntary, and they provide us with such services without expecting anything in return. May researches have come with various definitions of CSR, but however, they all posses the following characteristics in common: Business commitment to try to add value and a better way of living for the whole society. Making society benefit from it Protecting nature and our environment Vyarkarnam also found out during his study that CSR dealt with these following areas: environmental problems, charities and donation, Investment in activities. Corporate Social Responsibility is a process that companies apply to bring benefits to the society. The latter has legal, commercial, ethical and public expectations from business activity. CSR is implemented in a way such that it meets the needs and in some instances, exceeds the expectations. The equivalent testimony gave some evidence of the diverse School of thoughts which interpret CSR differently worldwide. Definition of CSR from Ghana is CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government,  however Philippians CSR is about business giving back to society.   Theoretical Rationale behind Corporate Social Responsibility 2.1 The Social Contract Theory The Social Contract Theory hypothesizes that the cornerstone of morality are uniform social accords that best serve the interests of those who make the agreements. (A.K.H. Khor) This means that if the social contract between the business and the community is breached, there will be conflict leading to a revocation of the contract and the firm then risks sanctions imposed by the individuals of the society. For example demand may be reduced, legal restrictions may be imposed, and also denial of human and financial resources. 2.2 The Legitimacy Theory It is said that the Legitimacy Theory and the Social Contract Theory are inter connected. To be viewed as being socially responsible, investors do not hesitate to pay a premium for corporate behaviour (Pava and Krauze, 1996; Toms, 2000). This is so because it ensures the continual inflow of capital, labour and customers needed for viability. This proves the importance of CSR The confidence of corporate stakeholders suffered a serious blow, undermining their faith in the accounting profession, following the revelation of the corporate scandals at WorldCom and Enron. Thus a call has been made for more transparent reporting and the Legitimacy theory arose and implied the above social contract. 2.3 The political Economy Theory This theory is quite a recent one, and it gives us a good approach on how to explain CSR. That is, this theory states that economics and politics cannot be separated. The mission and long term objective of the firm should coincide with that of the government. Hence, it is obvious that firms engage in CSR by taking into consideration its employees, the society and other stakeholders affected by its activities. Thus, this approach gives us a good idea as to why firms engage in these activities. 2.4 The stakeholder theory According to Milton Friedman, the main objective of an organisation in the past was profit making and maximization. That is, firms were established only in the view of making profit, ignoring the harmful effect that they might be doing to the society at large. At these times, there were no firms engaging in CSR activities. The stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management that tries to address different topics in business, such as, morals and values in management. This theory was originally put forward by Edward Freeman. According to him, a business does not only involve the owner, management and workers of the company. It involves the society at large, that is, the government, political groups, communities and even competitors. Freeman stated that when doing business, it was immoral just to reward the workers and owners of the business. Instead, it should be rewarding the whole society at large, and hence, coming forward with CSR activities. The stakeholder Theory attempts to justify the provision of social information in an attempt to gain stakeholder support and thus minimize the costs of dealing with complaints and actions that might otherwise affect them. (Davis, 2003) We can categorize the stakeholders of the companys: Shareholders; Employees; Suppliers; Customers; Government; Trade unions; Business associates; local community and Even competitors. Ullmann (1985) suggested a model based on the stakeholder theory according to which, if stakeholders control the essential resources it is ultimate for business to responds positively to the demands of the former. As an empirical accountability, the organisations identify its stakeholders. This is supported by by referring to the extent of which the organisation believes in the interplay with each group needs to be managed in order to further the interest of the organisation, the more important the stakeholder to the organisation, the more effort will be extended in managing the relationship. The impact of CSR on the decision making of stakeholders of a business. Shareholders. RARE researches brought, a company indulge in Corporate social Responsibility efforts can strengthen the voice of shareholders in sustainability matters. On a better information basis, they can assess their companys sustainability performance and assert their rights to promote more corporate responsibility (Shareholder activisms). Shareholders look for confidence and hope in a company. Therefore guided by their ethical principles, many investors choose firms taking into consideration the social and environment issues. In the study of Epstein and freedman, investors reduce the uncertainty about the value of their investment through reducing their environmental risks and the firms product safety and quality among others. Employees The literature of management science regard the relationship of management-employee as an essential one, employees are one of the key stakeholders for any business and evidence is growing of the importance of employees attached to the companies demonstrating their CSR records through progressive employment practice as well as through their behavior as good corporate citizens to know about the working conditions and sustainability job hunters make use of the annual report. Companies promoting the social responsibility provide such information through CSR disclosure. Crowther says that employees are search to work for companies that reflect and embody their values and who are as concerned about principles as they are with profits. In search of job security, CSR disclosure is helpful to employees. suppliers For suppliers, CSR such as fair trade practices hold the potential that the buying company grants preferential purchasing conditions, frequently to stabilize the exchange relation and gain legitimacy as well as customers (RARE research project). Thus it can be deduce that suppliers also use CSR to some extent to establish good commercial relationship. Customers Through CSR activities like reporting companies provide more (non-financial) information to customers who can then take better informed decisions on purchasing or rejecting the companys product (voice; cf. Rrubik et al. 2000) A fresh event marked by The oil spill in the gulf provoked a total chaos leading to BP customers rejecting BPs products worldwide. Local Community According to Glautier and Underdown (1994), local communities are very dependent on local industries, not only because they provide employment, but also because they directly affect the entire socio-economic structure of the environment. Industrial activities have always both positive and negative impact on the community at large. CSR disclosure is useful to the community in the sense that they may identify the companies with the good companies-public relationship. As such, the local community has an interest in the activities of the local industries, and requires much more information on social benefits and cost than the public relations-type information. government The government use CSR disclosure as a tool to set norms and assess a companys environmental concern. CSR may constitute a framework for cooperative governance where the traditional means of the state fail: public private (or trilateral) cooperations might make accessible information, innovation, and legitimacy potentials that allow the tackling of sustainability problems more effectively. Wolff (2004). 4.0 Why do companies indulge in CSR activities? It can be seen, especially after big international crisis, which businesses need to reflect on how to improve the image of their company. Milton Friedman argued it is the head of firms, that is, executives that have the responsibility towards society and other stakeholders. Friedman says that if actions that have been done result in a decrease in the return of shareholders, an increase in the price for consumers or result in a decrease in the wages of employees, customers and shareholders are spending money for the corporate social responsibility issues. Like said by smith in The Wealth of the nations (1776), It is not from the benevolence of the baker, the brewer and the butcher , that we get our meal, but from their regard to their own best interest is in line with what Friedman says in his book , Capitalism and Freedom where he refer to social responsibility in firms as a fundamentally subversive doctrine in society nowadays where businesses main aim is to make maximum profits by using recourses effectively. Therefore as said by Friedman, a businesss duty is to make as much profits as it is legally possible. In his paper, the author titled Morality in the Marketplace, Robert Almeder questions whether corporate behavior should be restricted by moral or illegal considerations. In the paper, the author takes the example of general motors and firestone that knowingly made the promotion of a defective product even though they knew that it would reduce their market share. He also talk about the lack of morality of advertising companies that promote the consumption of cigarettes knowing that this is prone to attract more smokers and therefore will increase the number of people who might get lung cancer and many other disease. According to him, to make businesses act more responsibly , authorities should come up with a laws such that corporate managers should effectively put CSR in practice , at their own expense rather than censured and fines a sum from corporate profits. (Almeder, R et al (1983) (eds) Business Ethics: Corporate values and society) The form of corporate social responsibility most commonly found in businesses are them taking care of the environment around them. Environmental issues are an inescapable part of planning business strategies for the foreseeable future and boards of directors who ignore this, do so at their own peril. 5.0 Is it relevant and worthwhile for companies to report on CSR issues? It is important for a business to communicate properly its financial position and equally its plans and actions concerning the social responsibility so as to maintain the good relationship of existing stakeholders and attract potential investors. According to Roger Adams, ACCAs executive director, it is becoming more and more pressing and urgent for companies to indulge in CSR if they want to enhance their corporate reputation, thus supporting the above statement. He also said that global investors increasingly regard good environmental management as an integral element of overall governance and accountability. Moreover in an analysis on Post-Eron: Post-Andersen, Roger Adams proceeds to say that Pressure is mounting foe companies to widen the scope of corporate public accountability and many are responding by including social data in their reports, preferably through a well managed process of stakeholder dialogue. (Accounting Business, July/August 2002) Based on Roger Adams statements, it is clear that globally CSR has rooted its importance in the world of business and helps in corporate sustainability and success showing its relevance and worthiness. Lack of ethical standards and social responsibility has lead to corporate collapse in various parts of the world recently leaving scar on the global economy. Howard Davies put forward that event in the US for the past years demonstrate that a breakdown in of ethical standards within a firm can carry high reputational and financial penalties. (Accounting Business, February 2003) Stakeholders are required to portray a good governance of an organisation, its transparency and proper accountability to access organizations worthiness. In Rachel Jacksons (ACCAs head of social and environmental issues) words: the increased influence of non governmental organisations NGOs) and the demand by the stakeholders for greater transparency, organizational accountability and good governance were key drivers for CSR. Accounting Business, June 2004). Moreover she adds that some potential advantages that can be derived by business practicing transparency and accountability can be: enhancement of business reputation, improvement of investor relations and access to capital, increase in competitiveness and market positioning. Other factors that push companies to be socially responsible are: Economic rationality considerations, To comply with borrowing requirements, To benefit from lower resource use and operation cost, And to improve competitive advantage and global exposure. 6.0 Empirical evidence of CSR. 6.1 The usefulness and relevance of CSR disclosure. Empirical studies effected by Belkaoui (1980) and Milne (1999), and Hendricks (1976) proved that CSR disclosure is useful and relevant. However results obtained were in favor of both positive and negative impact on investment decision. Hai Yap Teah and Godwin Y Shiu also carried out an empirical study which revealed that social responsibility disclosure in company annual reports may be more helpful in decision making if the data is presented numerically that focus on product improvement and fair business practices. Hence, we can deduce that for CSR disclosure to be deemed relevant and useful, it should speak the language of figures. Formbrun and Shanky put forward some empirical evidence which suggest that the greater a companys contribution to social welfare is; the better the goodwill becomes. Hereby they may benefit from premium prices, enhance their access to capital market and attract investors. Hence it supports the school of thought advanced earlier by other research work extending the impact of CSR on investment decision. According to Mc Gaire et al (1988) a firm that is perceived to be acting responsibly will face less labor unrest and will gain kudos in the eyes if its potential customers, increasing its sales base. Nevertheless, the other side of the coin refers to the fact that it s not necessary that CSR disclosure directly improves the profitability for mixed results obtained. 6.2 CSR Framework as developed by ERNSTERNST (1978) Six areas have been found by Ernst and Ernst (1978), in which corporate social objectives may be set. They are: Environment Fair business practices Human recourses Community involvement Energy Products 6.3 Code of Corporate Governance However in section 7 of The Code of Corporate Governance for Mauritius , that is , the Integrated Sustainability Reporting identifies four areas which should be subject to disclosure . They are: Ethics Environment Health and Safety Social issues These information are considered important by The Code as it is considered as informative and will help stakeholders build a culture of social and environmental responsibility. (Code of Corporate Governance section 7) 6.3.1 Ethics Ethics means being responsible , diligent and integer. A business disclosing ethical principles will make people trust in it as they will know that the company has a good code of conduct. It will be assumed that this company is aware and concerned about its duties towards society and stakeholders. 6.3.2 Environment Firms should do their utmost best to reduce the negative effects of industrial production and adopt more effective and efficient methods to make least use of exhaustive recourses. The company should disclose any project that they do which have for effect to help in preserving the environment. 6.3.3 Health and Safety Health and Safety practices and policies should be developed and implemented in the business. Also, safety and health risk identification has to be undertaken. This will lead to betterment in risk management strategies. 6.3.4 Social issues Social issues include community involvement, human recourse and fair business practices. The Code requires that businesses adopt fair policies in promotion and recruitment of employees.

Got Internet Pornography? Essay -- Internet Pornography Essays

Got Internet Pornography? Pornography is viewed differently by everyone. Is pornography as bad as it is made out to be? What if it is that persons outlet from reality, just like smoking, drinking, snowboarding, skiing. Is it hurting anyone. Some say it is degrading to women. Do those women that do it think it is degrading. If they did they wouldn’t do it. There are several different types of pornography in the world. It started in art where we had sculptures of Aphrodite naked, we had many artists who painted pictures of nude women. But people look at that and say oh how pretty. But in the present day we have printing presses, we have internet, and people try to make their own art with their bodies and people criticize them. Why? How? Are they jealous because they don’t feel comfortable with showing their bodies to people. Pornography has taken a drastic turn since the internet. I will be talking about the pros and cons for pornography on the internet, the increase in child pornography, the boom ing of pornography on the internet ,and the confusion with all the different laws in our society. â€Å"Pornography in the 90's has been on a steady increase. With the popularity of the internet growing daily, pornography has also grown. Pornography has NOT however grown to the Herculean proportions which many believe. The industry itself according to Forbes is 'at best $520 million' (Forbes.com) not the $10 billion which is a false statistic, also according to Forbes.†(http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/%7Eskwong/pornography/internet.html). I believe that pornography on the internet is a good idea because you can monitor it easier than monitoring those hidden magazines that your kids somehow always find them. This way you don’t have to go to the s... ...tables that show from a survey about how many people have visited sex sites broken down to male female, born again Christians, married, single, living together, divorced, and widowed. These graphs will show that pornography is not that dangerous, and is harmless. Although it has it’s pros and cons I am for pornography, it gives a person that escape from reality like everyone needs once in a while. On the down side I am and will always be against child pornography on some degree. Younger than 16 I am against it totally but 16 that is a gray area for me because when I was 18 years old my girlfriend was 16 years old. So it’s like looking at porn but in the flesh. That’s why I say they should make up their minds about the age. Either you can give consent to get pictures taken of you or you can’t give sex until you are 18. It’s one or the other it can’t be both. Got Internet Pornography? Essay -- Internet Pornography Essays Got Internet Pornography? Pornography is viewed differently by everyone. Is pornography as bad as it is made out to be? What if it is that persons outlet from reality, just like smoking, drinking, snowboarding, skiing. Is it hurting anyone. Some say it is degrading to women. Do those women that do it think it is degrading. If they did they wouldn’t do it. There are several different types of pornography in the world. It started in art where we had sculptures of Aphrodite naked, we had many artists who painted pictures of nude women. But people look at that and say oh how pretty. But in the present day we have printing presses, we have internet, and people try to make their own art with their bodies and people criticize them. Why? How? Are they jealous because they don’t feel comfortable with showing their bodies to people. Pornography has taken a drastic turn since the internet. I will be talking about the pros and cons for pornography on the internet, the increase in child pornography, the boom ing of pornography on the internet ,and the confusion with all the different laws in our society. â€Å"Pornography in the 90's has been on a steady increase. With the popularity of the internet growing daily, pornography has also grown. Pornography has NOT however grown to the Herculean proportions which many believe. The industry itself according to Forbes is 'at best $520 million' (Forbes.com) not the $10 billion which is a false statistic, also according to Forbes.†(http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/%7Eskwong/pornography/internet.html). I believe that pornography on the internet is a good idea because you can monitor it easier than monitoring those hidden magazines that your kids somehow always find them. This way you don’t have to go to the s... ...tables that show from a survey about how many people have visited sex sites broken down to male female, born again Christians, married, single, living together, divorced, and widowed. These graphs will show that pornography is not that dangerous, and is harmless. Although it has it’s pros and cons I am for pornography, it gives a person that escape from reality like everyone needs once in a while. On the down side I am and will always be against child pornography on some degree. Younger than 16 I am against it totally but 16 that is a gray area for me because when I was 18 years old my girlfriend was 16 years old. So it’s like looking at porn but in the flesh. That’s why I say they should make up their minds about the age. Either you can give consent to get pictures taken of you or you can’t give sex until you are 18. It’s one or the other it can’t be both.

Comparing ‘The Crucible’ with ‘Macbeth’ Essay

My practical work in November 2002 was for option 2. it was a piece of scripted performance and was based on the theme of witches and the supernatural.  My contribution to the performance was a character called Marry Warren. I had to help a character called John Proctor; this is because Marry Warren is trying to get out of the group of girls. Marry Warren then betrays John Procter and joins the group of girls again, because of Abigail was making a fool out of Marry Warren. To help me in my work, I looked for information in the video. I also read a play called ‘Macbeth’, written by William Shakespeare.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœMacbeth’ was set in Scotland in the 17th centaury. The system of government at the time was that of a monarchy in which the king makes the laws and punishes people. The people would fight for the king. The culture at that time was one is which people believed in witches and the supernatural. Witches were seen as prophets, they were powerful symbols for soldiers. However, ‘The Crucible’ was set in Salem, Massachusetts, USA in the 17th centaury. The system of government at the time was that of theocracy in which people believed in the bible and followed it. Judges were called into decide punishments. Anyone accused of heretical beliefs could be punished. At that time people believed the devil could pass anyone and cause him or her to say or do anything. The genre for ‘Macbeth’ is gothic tragedy. The theme for the play is supernatural, deceiving appearances and prophecy. The supernatural was that the witches are more what we expect, conventional during those times. Sources of information did not shock Macbeth as we expected. The deceiving appearances of witches were the first main incident. The witches were trying to manipulate Macbeth. The prophecy of the play suggests people looking for signs to guide them. On the other hand, the genre for ‘The Crucible’ is a historical fiction melodrama. The theme for ‘The Crucible’ is deception, supernatural and hysteria. The deception in ‘The Crucible’ is that there were no actual witches which added to the hysteria. Supernatural in ‘The Crucible’ was that witches were seen as people working with the devil also the town people are afraid of what witches symbolised. The hysteria in ‘The Crucible’ was once accusations began people feared devil had arrived. This meant their right were ignored in order to find the cause of problem. The performance style for ‘Macbeth’ is partly classical. Macbeth is a war hero yet suddenly loves having powers. Facial expressions and body movement were very important. Elizabethian theatre did not have any dramatic lighting or sound effects. Therefore much of the acting and events are exaggerated.  However, ‘The Crucible’ performance style is classical. As the genre is mellow drama, the acting has to be exaggerated to capture the hysteria. In ‘The Crucible’ Abigail dramatically changes her acting style to meet her needs. Abigail often makes clear how she feels or over exaggerated her movement to make her aim clear.

Dennis Gioia “The Ford Pinto Fire” Essay

In 1968, Ford Motor Company made plans for a car that would be inexpensive, small, and appeal to all car buyers. The planned project was to meet the 2000/2000 rule, meaning that the Pinto could weigh no more than 2,000 pounds, and cost no more than $2,000. This rule was instituted because of the extreme competition from foreign car makers such as Toyota and all of the automotive companies at the time. However, the 2000/2000 rule left designers with limited ability to design a car the way it should be designed. The Pinto was brought into production faster than any other car had ever been produced; twenty five months from the inception of the idea of the Pinto to production when the industry average at the time was forty-three months. The engineers had to cut corners in the design and were rushed building the Pinto, which later resulted in many mistakes that were overlooked. The first Pinto was put on the market in 1971. The Pinto’s problems originated with placement of the gas tank. It was customary to place the gas tank between the rear axle and the bumper to give the vehicle more truck space. However, on the Pinto the gas tank was only nine inches away from the rear axle and on the rear axles transfer case were bolts that stuck out facing the rear bumper of the vehicle. When the Pinto was rear ended, the gas tank would be forced up to the rear axle, and the transfer case bolts would puncture the gas tank. Also the fuel filler pipe was poorly designed and could easily become detached in a rear end collision, causing gasoline to spill over the ground. This was the cause of the numerous large fires and the gas tank tendency to explode. Explosions of the gas tank occurred at any collision at or above thirty one miles per hour. The doors on the Pinto would tend to jam shut when rear ended at high speeds, causing victims to burn alive if not killed on impact. Due to the serious defects and the numerous deaths involved with the Pinto, there were many law suits against Ford Motor Company. Dennis Gioia, an engineer and MBA graduate, was involved in the decision not to recall the vehicles. Ford came up with a Cost Benefit analysis. The benefits accounted for 180 burn deaths prevented,  180 serious burn injuries prevented, 2,100 burned vehicles prevented. If those number are multiplied by $200,000 per death, $67,000 per injury, and $700 per vehicle, the final benefit to society, or amount of money Ford would have to pay if they did not recall any of the their vehicles, was $49.5 million. Compared to the cost to recall 11 million cars and1.5 million light trucks, at $11 per vehicle would equal $137 million on recalls. Ford believed they were justified in not recalling the cars due to the amount they would spend on recalls far out-weighed the amount they would spend to compensate customers for death, injury or harmed cars. ANALYSIS OF GIOIA’S DECISION Ford eventually agreed to recall the Pinto on June 10, 1978. They sent out the recall notices on August 22, 1978. Ford originally gave four reasons why they did not want to recall the Pinto: 1) Ford had based an earlier advertising campaign around safety, which failed. 2) The bad publicity involved with a recall would be too much negative publicity to overcome. 3) At the time of the product designs and crash tests, the law did not require them to redesign the fuel system. 4) It was customary in the automotive industry to place the gas tank between the rear axle and bumper. We will evaluate Gioia’s earlier decision to choose not to recall the vehicles based on the reasons noted above. Dennis Gioia had started as an advocate for human rights and protection, prior to his appointment to the position at Ford Motor Company. He was aware of the design defects with the Pinto, however, he succumbed to the corporate rhetoric of buyer risk and consumer demand as rational for the decision to keep the Pinto on the market. Generalization Test Generalization theory – A rational choice must be generalizable , the reason for a certain action should be consistent with the assumption that everyone who has the same reasons will act the same way. The decision to keep the Pinto on the market passed the generalizations test: 1. The Cost Analysis used was acceptable in the production market 2. The vehicle met applicable safety laws at the time of production 3. The placement of the gas tank was in compliance with car production standards 4. Consumer demand for the vehicles increased profits 5. The recall would reduce profits and negatively impact the company . Utilization Test The decision also passed the utilization Test Utilitarian theory – We all have some ultimate end that is called utility. An action is ethical only if no other available action creates greater total utility. 1. A greater number of consumers were happy with the vehicle than were injured or killed 2, Recalling the cars would create more financial loss than keeping them on the market with the defects 3. The cost to make the cars safer would have increased the cost of production and not meet the 2000/2000 concept mandated by the corporate leaders 4. The delay in production would have deceased the company’s ability to compete in the small car market and decrease profits, Value Test Value ethics theory – virtue is a part of our essence and help describe who we are The decision not to recall the Pinto failed the value test. 1. A rational person with virtue and concern for human rights would not place a arbitrary price on the value of human life as opposed to profits. 2. Although a corporation is not a person it is an entity that relys of the people to value and purchase the products or services it provides 3. The decision to put an obviously flawed vehicle on the market and justify it by placing the responsibility on the consumer to accept the risk is irresponsible and reprehensible for any entity to adopt as a marketing strategy. 4. There is no virtue in a corporation or its management, that would routinely select profit over human safety and death, when they know it can be rectified.